Oracle7 Parallel Server Concepts and Administrator's Guide

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• Oracle7 Parallel Server(tm)

• Preface
  • Audience
  • How Oracle7 Parallel Server Is Organized
  • Conventions Used in This Manual
  • Your Comments Are Welcome

• FUNDAMENTALS OF PARALLEL PROCESSING

• Parallel Processing & Parallel Databases
  • What Is Parallel Processing?
  • What Is a Parallel Database?
  • What Are the Key Elements of Parallel Processing?
  • What Are the Benefits of Parallel Processing?
  • What Are the Benefits of Parallel Database?
  • How Does Parallel Query Fit In?
  • Is Parallel Server the Oracle Configuration You Need?

• Successfully Implementing Parallel Processing
  • The Four Levels of Scalability You Need
  • When Is Parallel Processing Advantageous?
  • When Is Parallel Processing Not Advantageous?
  • Guidelines for Effective Partitioning
  • Common Misconceptions about Parallel Processing

• Parallel Hardware Architecture
  • Overview
  • Required Hardware and Operating System Software
  • Shared Memory Systems
  • Shared Disk Systems
  • Shared Nothing Systems
  • Shared Nothing /Shared Disk Combined Systems

• ORACLE PARALLEL SERVER CONCEPTS

• How Oracle Implements Parallel Processing
  • Exclusive Mode and Shared Mode
  • Parallel Query Support
  • Synchronization
  • High Performance Features
  • Cache Coherency

• Oracle Instance Architecture for the Parallel Server
  • Overview
  • Characteristics of OPS Multi-instance Architecture
  • System Global Area
  • Background Processes and LCKn
  • Configuration Guidelines for OPS

• Oracle Database Architecture for the Parallel Server
  • File Structures
  • The Data Dictionary
  • The Sequence Generator
  • Rollback Segments
  • Threads of Redo

• Overview of Locking Mechanisms
  • Differentiating Oracle Locking Mechanisms
  • Cost of Locks
  • Oracle Lock Names
  • Coordination of Oracle Locking Mechanisms by the DLM

• Distributed Lock Manager: Access to Resources
  • What Is a Distributed Lock Manager?
  • The DLM Grants and Converts Resource Lock Requests
  • DLM Lock Modes: Resource Access Rights
  • DLM Features
  • DLM Support for MTS and XA
  • Evaluating a Distributed Lock Manager

• Parallel Cache Management Instance Locks
  • PCM Locks and How They Work
  • How Initialization Parameters Control Blocks and PCM Locks
  • Two Methods of PCM Locking: Hashed and Fine Grain
  • How Locks Are Assigned to Blocks
  • Examples: Mapping Blocks to PCM Locks

• Non-PCM Instance Locks
  • Overview
  • Transaction Locks (TX)
  • Table Locks (TM)
  • System Change Number (SC)
  • Library Cache Locks (N[A-Z])
  • Dictionary Cache Locks (Q[A-Z])
  • Database Mount Lock (DM)

• Space Management and Free List Groups
  • How Oracle Handles Free Space
  • SQL Options for Managing Free Space
  • Managing Free Space on Multiple Instances
  • Free Lists Associated with Instances, Users, and Locks
  • Controlling the Allocation of Extents

• Application Analysis
  • How Detailed Must Your Analysis Be?
  • Understanding Your Application Profile
  • Partitioning Guidelines

• The Parallel Query Option on OPS
  • Overview
  • External Parallelism
  • Internal Parallelism
  • Examples of Static and Dynamic Partitioning
  • Manageability and Maintainability

• OPS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES

• Designing a Database for Parallel Server
  • Overview
  • Case Study: From First-Cut Database Design to OPS
  • Analyze Access to Tables
  • Analyze Transaction Volume by Users
  • Partition Users and Data
  • Partition Indexes
  • Implement Hashed or Fine Grain Locking
  • Implement and Tune Your Design

• Creating a Database & Objects for Multiple Instances
  • Creating a Database for a Multi-instance Environment
  • Creating Database Objects to Support Multiple Instances

• Allocating PCM Instance Locks
  • Planning Your PCM Locks
  • Setting GC_DB_LOCKS: Maximum Hashed PCM Locks for All Datafiles
  • Setting GC_FILES_TO_LOCKS: PCM Locks for Each Datafile
  • Tips for Setting GC_FILES_TO_LOCKS and GC_DB_LOCKS
  • Setting Other GC_* Parameters
  • Tuning Your PCM Locks

• Ensuring DLM Capacity for All Resources & Locks
  • Overview
  • Planning DLM Capacity
  • Calculating the Number of Non-PCM Resources
  • Calculating the Number of Non-PCM Locks
  • Adjusting Oracle Initialization Parameters
  • Minimizing Table Locks to Optimize Performance

• Using Free List Groups to Partition Data
  • Overview
  • Deciding How to Partition Free Space for Database Objects
  • Setting FREELISTS and FREELIST GROUPS in the CREATE Statement
  • Associating Instances, Users, and Locks with Free List Groups
  • Pre-allocating Extents (Optional)
  • Dynamically Allocating Extents
  • Identifying and Deallocating Unused Space

• OPS SYSTEM MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

• Administering Multiple Instances
  • Overview
  • Defining Multiple Instances with Parameter Files
  • Setting Initialization Parameters for the Parallel Server
  • Setting DLM Parameters
  • Creating Database Objects for Multiple Instances
  • Starting Up Instances
  • Specifying Instances
  • Shutting Down Instances
  • Limiting Instances for the Parallel Query Option

• Tuning the System to Optimize Performance
  • General Guidelines
  • Contention
  • Tuning for High Availability

• Monitoring Views & Tuning a Parallel Server
  • Monitoring Data Dictionary Views with CATPARR.SQL
  • Monitoring Dynamic Performance Views
  • Querying V$LOCK_ACTIVITY to Monitor Instance Lock Activity
  • Querying the V$PING View to Detect Pinging
  • Querying the V$WAITSTAT View to Monitor Contention
  • Querying V$FILESTAT to Monitor I/O Activity
  • Querying and Interpreting V$SESSTAT and V$SYSSTAT Statistics

• Backing Up the Database
  • Archiving the Redo Log Files
  • Checkpoints and Log Switches
  • Backing Up the Database

• Recovering the Database
  • Overview
  • Recovery from Instance Failure
  • Recovery from Media Failure
  • Parallel Recovery

• Migrating from Single Instance to Parallel Server
  • Overview
  • Deciding to Convert
  • Preparing to Convert
  • Converting the Database from Single- to Multi-instance
  • Troubleshooting the Conversion

• REFERENCE

• Differences from Previous Versions
  • Differences Between Release 7.2 and Release 7.3
  • Differences Between Release 7.1 and Release 7.2
  • Differences Between Release 7.0 and Release 7.1
  • Differences Between Version 6 and Release 7.0
  • Version Compatibility
  • File Operations
  • Deferred Rollback Segments
  • Redo Logs
  • Free Space Lists
  • SQL*DBA
  • Initialization Parameters
  • Archiving
  • Media Recovery

• Initialization Parameters
  • List of Parameters
  • Reading the Parameter Descriptions
  • Parameter Descriptions

• Dynamic Performance & Monitoring Views
  • Data Dictionary Views for Parallel Server
  • Dynamic Performance Views for Parallel Server
  • Generic Views for Parallel Server

• Session Wait Events for Oracle Parallel Server
  • Introduction
  • Parameter Descriptions
  • Oracle Parallel Server Events

• Enqueue and Lock Names
  • BL, Buffer Cache Management
  • CF, Control File Transaction
  • CI, Cross-instance Call Invocation
  • CU, Bind Enqueue
  • DF, Data File
  • DL, Direct Loader Index Creation
  • DM, Database Mount
  • DX, Distributed TX Recovery
  • FS, File Set
  • IN, Instance Number
  • IR, Instance Recovery
  • IS, Instance State
  • IV, Library Cache Invalidation
  • KK, Redo Log "Kick"
  • L[A-P], Library Cache Lock
  • MR, Media Recovery
  • N[A-Z], Library Cache Pin
  • PF, Password File
  • PI, Parallel Slaves
  • PR, Process Startup
  • PS, Parallel Slave Synchronization
  • Q[A-Z], Row Cache
  • RT, Redo Thread
  • SC, System Change Number
  • SM, SMON
  • SN, Sequence Number
  • SQ, Sequence Number Enqueue
  • ST, Space Management Transaction
  • SV, Sequence Number Value
  • TA, Transaction Recovery
  • TM, DML Enqueue
  • TS, Temporary Segment (also TableSpace)
  • TT, Temporary Table
  • TX, Transaction
  • UL, User-defined Locks
  • UN, User Name
  • US, Undo segment, Serialization
  • WL, Being written Redo Log
  • XA, Instance Attribute Lock
  • XI, Instance Registration

• Restrictions
  • Compatibility
  • Restrictions

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